Article History
Received: 21 July 2025
Revised: 22 December 2025
Accepted: 25 December 2025
First Online: 9 February 2026
Declarations
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: The random Fourier feature and pathwise conditioning methods are transparent. The code implementing them is available at . All necessary information has been provided in the paper to enable replication of results for the global sensitivity analysis of the Ishigami function in Sect. and the benchmark optimization problems in Sects. and . The numerical solver for the ten-bar truss in Sects. and is available from the first author upon request.