Funding for this research was provided by:
Eric and Johanna Reissner Chair in the Department of Structural Engineering at UC San Diego
USACE Engineer Research and Development Center (W9132T-22–2-0014)
Article History
Received: 1 August 2025
Revised: 15 December 2025
Accepted: 3 January 2026
First Online: 28 March 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare that they have no financial, personal, or other conflicts of interest that could have influenced the results or interpretations presented in this work.
: Comprehensive derivations and methodological procedures are provided in the manuscript and Supplementary Material to ensure full reproducibility of the results.