Zhang, Xin
He, Jingjie
Zhang, Xiaopeng
Zhang, Jifeng
Ji, Yulong
Funding for this research was provided by:
Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2023YFB4301700)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 12102079)
Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF (No. GZC20230344)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 3132023527)
Article History
Received: 19 July 2025
Revised: 27 January 2026
Accepted: 29 January 2026
First Online: 27 March 2026
Declarations
:
: On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
: The results presented in this study are replication, as the optimization framework, governing equations, and numerical implementation have been described in detail.