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Authors
Liu, Ruiwei
Yang, Haoyu
Li, Weiming
Guo, Hongwei
Chen, Jingwen
Ke, Feng
Su, Manjia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0478-1401
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52305014)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52105011)
Young Innovative Talents Project of Guangdong Province (2021KQNCX071)
Guangdong Higher Education Society Higher Education Research Project (22GQN25)
Tertiary Education Scientific Research Project of Guangzhou Municipal Education Bureau (202235334)
Basic and Applied Basic Research Projects of Guangzhou (SL2023A04J00685)
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Article History
Received: 25 September 2025
Revised: 17 March 2026
Accepted: 7 April 2026
First Online: 8 May 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declared that they have no conflict of interest in this work. We declare that we have no commercial or associative interest that represents a conflict of interest in connection with the work submitted.
: The presented methodology and optimization results are fully reproducible through the following steps: (1) implement the parametric mathematical model using the node matrix and connection matrices , as defined in Sect. , with MATLAB code for automated generation; (2) configure the NSGA-III algorithm with the specified parameters ( , , m, mm, m) and bi-objectives ( , S ) from Section 5; (3) validate results via finite element analysis matching the described boundary conditions (1 N internal/2 N edge loads) and material properties ( GPa); and (4) fabricate prototypes using the optimal parameters ( , mm, m, , m).
