Funding for this research was provided by:
Laboratory of Innovation in Construction, Eco-design, and Seismic Engineering (LICEGS), University Mustafa Ben Boulaid of Batna 2, Algeria (A11N01UN050220190003)
Article History
Received: 2 October 2025
Accepted: 23 October 2025
First Online: 6 November 2025
Declarations
:
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.