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Authors
Permana, Al Kautsar https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6737-1824
Ku Khalif, Ku Muhammad Naim
Yoong, Mak Jyh
Jamlos, Mohd Faizal
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah
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Article History
Received: 22 September 2025
Accepted: 27 January 2026
First Online: 28 February 2026
Declarations
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: The authors confirm that the content of the manuscript is original, has not been previously published, and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.
: The publication has been approved by all authors, and if accepted, will not be published in the same form elsewhere in English or any other language without the written consent of the publisher.
: The authors voluntarily agree to participate in this research study.
: The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests or personal relationships that may have influenced the work reported in this study.
