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Authors
Ponraj, Saravanamuthukumar
Abdullah, Ahmad Baharuddin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0562-6494
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universiti Sains Malaysia
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Article History
Received: 12 November 2025
Accepted: 9 February 2026
First Online: 19 February 2026
Declarations
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: In accordance with ethical guidelines pertaining to authorship, we wish to declare the involvement of AI in the writing of this manuscript. For instance, AI tools were employed in the improvement of grammatical accuracy, sentence structure, and clarity of the written text. Nevertheless, all research-related content, such as the title, methodologies, results, and conclusions, was entirely developed by the authors without any involvement of AI tools. This statement is intended to reflect our dedication to ethical practices in the authorship process.
: The authors confirm that there are no financial or personal conflicts that could have influenced the outcomes of this study.
