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Article History

Received: 24 March 2026

Accepted: 21 June 2026

First Online: 30 June 2026

Declarations

Competing Interest: Two authors (S. Wróbel, P. Wesołowski) are affiliated with 3D Lab Sp. z o.o., the manufacturer of the ATO Lab+ ultrasonic atomization system employed in this investigation. This institutional affiliation represents a potential conflict of interest. The findings reflect observations from the atomization process and characterization using standard analytical techniques. All reported experimental data are reproducible using the described characterization methods and can be verified by independent laboratories with access to similar instrumentation.

<b>Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process</b>.: The authors declare that no generative AI or AI-assisted technologies were used at any stage of the preparation of this manuscript, including the writing process, data analysis, or the creation of figures and tables. The work is entirely the result of the authors’ own efforts.