Espinosa, Alexandra M. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6033-9813
Díaz-Emparanza, Ignacio http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9871-9229
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovació y Universidades (MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 PID2019-105183GB-I00)
Escuela Politécnica Nacional (PIS-16-18, PIS-17-17)
Article History
Received: 20 September 2022
Accepted: 24 October 2022
First Online: 7 November 2022
Declarations
:
: The authors declare that they do not have a conflict of interest. Data are officially published in the web pages of the Spanish Ministry of Labour (Mitramiss), the National Institute of Statistics (INE), the European Statistic Office (EUROSTAT), and the World Bank. Results and figures are obtained using the usual standard code and function packages of Gretl and Wolfram Mathematica software. This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 Grant PID2019-105183GB-I00, and the Escuela Politécnica Nacional in Ecuador, Grant PIS-16-18 and PIS-17-17. We acknowledge the Instituto de Economía Aplicada (IEP) of the University of the Basque Country for sharing their resources with us.