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Can public–private partnership bring benefits in shrinking public services? An empirical analysis of the lock-in effect versus cost-reducing effect

Published Online: 2026-06-22

Published Print: 2026-07

Authors

Nakamura, Eri https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7029-6001
Nakaoka, Takayoshi

Urakami, Takuya
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP18K12771)

Kobe University
License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-06-22

Version of Record valid from 2026-06-22
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Article History

Received: 14 February 2025

Accepted: 11 May 2026

First Online: 22 June 2026

Declarations

Conflict of interest: There are no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical approval: Not applicable. This study does not include any human- or animal-related data.

Human and animal rights: Not applicable. This study does not include any human- or animal-related data.

Informed consent: Not applicable. This study does not include any human- or animal-related data.

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