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Validating the International Reference Ionosphere model through altimeter-satellite vTEC observations: implications for the topside ionosphere modeling

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-025-02003-y

Published Online: 2025-09-27

Published Print: 2025-10

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Pignalberi, Alessio https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9459-4919
Azpilicueta, Francisco https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8102-6506
Nava, Bruno https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5240-9137
Pezzopane, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5800-2322
Bilitza, Dieter https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6551-2929
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
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Article History

Received: 7 March 2025

Accepted: 9 September 2025

First Online: 27 September 2025