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Article History

Received: 3 September 2020

Accepted: 30 December 2020

First Online: 3 February 2021

Compliance with ethical standards

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: Eugene V McCloskey has received consultancy/lecture fees/grant funding/honoraria from ActiveSignal, AgNovos, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Consilient Healthcare, Fresenius Kabi, Gilead, GSK, Hologic, Internis, Lilly, Medtronic, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Radius Health, Redx Oncology, Roche, SanofiAventis, Servier, Synexus, Tethys, UCB, Viiv, Warner Chilcott, I3 Innovus, and Unilever, all outside the presented work. Helena Johansson has no conflicts to declare. Nicholas C Harvey has received consultancy/lecture fees/honoraria/grant funding from Alliance for Better Bone Health, Amgen, MSD, Eli Lilly, Radius Health, Servier, Shire, UCB, Consilient Healthcare, and Internis Pharma, all outside the presented work. Mattias Lorentzon has received lecture fees from Amgen, Lilly, Meda, Renapharma, and UCB Pharma, and consulting fees from Amgen, Radius Health, UCB Pharma, Renapharma, and Consilient Health, all outside the presented work. Yifei Shi is an employee and stockholder of Amgen Inc. John A Kanis reports grants from Amgen, Eli Lilly, and Radius Health and consulting fees from Theramex. He led the team that developed FRAX^® as director of the then WHO Collaborating Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases; he has no financial interest in FRAX^®.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: For this type of study, formal consent is not required.

: Not applicable.

: The manuscript does not contain clinical studies or patient data. For this type of study, formal consent is not required.

: Not applicable.