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Article History

Received: 22 June 2023

Accepted: 31 October 2023

First Online: 7 November 2023

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: Mr. Dash, Ms. Billings, Ms.Vlasartis, Mr. Raphael, Dr. Lovecchio and Mr. McMahon declare no competing financial interests. Dr. Kim reports relationships with Acuity Surgical (equity or stocks), Aspen Medical Products Inc (board membership), HS2, LLC (equity or stocks), International Spine Study Group (funding grants), K2 Medical Systems Limited (equity or stocks and speaking and lecture fees), NuVasive Inc (board membership), SPINE STUD (equity or stocks), Vivex Biologics, Inc. (board membership), and with Zimmer Biomet (consulting or advisory fees and equity or stocks). Dr. Cunningham reports relationships with Radius Health Inc (funding grants) and Sustain Surgical (equity or stocks). Dr. Carrino reports relationships with American College of Rheumatology (board membership), AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP (consulting or advisory fees), Covera Health (consulting or advisory fees), Eli Lilly and Company (consulting or advisory fees), Globus Medical Inc (consulting or advisory fees), International Society of Osteoarthritis Imaging (board membership), Pfizer (consulting or advisory fees), Radiology Society of North America (board membership), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc (consulting or advisory fees). Dr. Lebl reports relationships with Choice Spine (board membership and consulting or advisory fees), DePuy Synthes (consulting or advisory fees), HS2, LLC (equity or stocks), ISPH II, LLC (equity or stocks), Medtronic Sofamor Danek USA Inc (funding grants), NuVasive Inc (equity or stocks), Remedy Logic (consulting or advisory fees and equity or stocks), Stryker (consulting or advisory fees and equity or stocks), Vestia Ventures MiRus Investment LLC (equity or stocks), Viseon, Inc (consulting or advisory fees and equity or stocks), and Woven Orthopedic Technologies (equity or stocks). Mr. McMahon reports a relationship with the Hospital for Special Surgery (consulting fees). Dr. Stein reports relationships with Radius Health Inc (funding grants) and Novartis (funding grants).