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Article History

Received: 7 May 2024

Accepted: 10 September 2024

First Online: 25 September 2024

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. For this type of study formal consent is not required.

: Informed consent was not required, in accordance with ethical guidelines in Japan.

: Toshiki Fukasawa has been employed by the Department of Digital Health and Epidemiology with support from Eisai Co., Ltd. and Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd.; and has received consulting fees from Real World Data Co., Ltd. and honoraria from EPS Corporation and Research Institute of Healthcare Data Science (RIHDS). Koji Kawakami has received consulting fees from Advanced Medical Care Inc., JMDC Inc., LEBER Inc., and Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd.; executive compensation from Cancer Intelligence Care Systems, Inc.; honoraria from Shionogi Pharma Co., Ltd., Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and Pharma Business Academy; and grants from Eisai Co., Ltd., Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., OMRON Corporation, and Toppan Inc. All other authors declare no potential conflicts of interest.