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Authors
Kwak, Mi Kyung https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8092-2560
Lee, Seeyoun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1224-0875
Lee, Jin-young https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7313-5227
Park, Jung-Wee https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4515-1895
Jeon, Ye Jhin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3780-5668
Yoo, Bit-Na https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6217-6798
Bak, Jean Kyung https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8763-5580
Kim, Ha Young https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0651-2213
Lee, Young-Kyun https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6564-4294
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Health and Welfare (HI18C0284)
National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency (NS21-004)
Seoul National University
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Article History
Received: 12 November 2024
Accepted: 16 July 2025
First Online: 15 October 2025
Declarations
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: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
: For this type of study formal consent is not required.
: This study was exempted from obtaining patient consent by the Institutional Review Board/Ethics Committee of Seoul National University, Bundang Hospital of Korea (IRB No. X-1801–447-908) because it did not involve human subjects, and all data provided by the KCCR and KNHIS were anonymized.
: Mi Kyung Kwak, Seeyoun Lee, Jin-young Lee, Jung-Wee Park, Ye Jhin Jeon, Bit-Na Yoo, Jean Kyung Bak, Ha Young Kim, and Young-Kyun Lee declare that they have no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the study’s design; in the collection, analysis, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.
