Document is current

Article History

Received: 3 June 2025

Accepted: 7 December 2025

First Online: 9 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts concerning this article's research, authorship, and publication.

: See Table  . In summary, moment-matching methods excel in terms of static accuracy. Still, they cannot guarantee stability. Optimization-based methods may achieve excellent approximations at the cost of computation and loss of theoretical guarantees. In contrast, classical BTM uniquely ensures both stability and error bounds but suffers from a steady-state mismatch. Hybrid methods attempt to combine attributes, but they introduce additional complexity. The proposed intensified BTM preserves BTM’s inherent advantages while analytically eliminating the steady‑state error, making it a robust and practical middle ground for reducing and controlling higher‑order linearized power system models.

: See Table  .