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Immunomodulatory effects of Spirulina extract and its gold nanoformulation enhance the macrophage polarization toward M1 phenotype via NF-kB signaling

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-026-04887-6

Published Online: 2026-04-20

Published Print: 2026-07

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Nikita,

Gandhi, Harsh A

Singh, Uma

Rai, Ankita

Verma, Anjali

Tandon, Richa

Bhattacharya, Jaydeep

Tandon, Ravi
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

University Grants Commission

Prime Minister’s Research Fellowship

CURIE Programme of the Department of Science & Technology (DST), Government of India (DST/CURIE-PG/2020/10)

Department of Biotechnology, Government of India (EM/DEV/SG/149/2497/2023)

UGC-Faculty Recharge Programme

ANRF PAIR

Fogarty International Center (FIC) of the National Institutes of Health
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Article History

Received: 10 December 2025

Revised: 26 March 2026

Accepted: 27 March 2026

First Online: 20 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

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