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Article History

Received: 19 November 2024

Accepted: 27 March 2025

First Online: 28 April 2025

Declarations

:

: David Pamies is a named inventor on a patent held by Johns Hopkins University for the production of mini-brains (also known as BrainSpheres), which is licensed to AxoSim, New Orleans, LA, USA. Elena Gronskaya and David Jaeckel were employed by MaxWell Biosystems at the time of this work. The company developed the Microelectrode Array System used in the manuscript. The US EPA authors declare no potential conflict of interest with respect to research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. The authors declare no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this article. The US EPA through its Office of Research and Development has subjected this article to agency administrative review and approved it for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement for use. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the US EPA. Experiments were conducted using an iPSC line derived from commercially obtained fibroblasts. This cell line is covered by the appropriate licensing for scientific research applications. As a result, ethical approval, consent to participate, and consent to publish were not required for this study.

: Experiments were conducted using an iPSC line derived from commercially obtained fibroblasts. This cell line is covered by the appropriate licensing for scientific research applications. As a result, ethical approval, consent to participate, and consent to publish were not required for this study.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.