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Authors
Roach, Crystal M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8453-5998
Koester, Nate R. https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0558-8316
Li, Xueshu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0881-5381
Ahn, Jeonghyeon https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1154-1876
Pope, R. Marshall https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9584-3876
Wilson, Rebecca J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1032-7432
Mendieta, Rosalia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8705-9010
Valenzuela, Anthony https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9507-355X
Han, Weiguo https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4974-6538
Ding, Xinxin
Lein, Pamela J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7665-7584
Lehmler, Hans-Joachim https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9163-927X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES014901)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES031098)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES034691)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30ES005605)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P42ES013661)
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Article History
Received: 26 August 2025
Accepted: 6 November 2025
First Online: 8 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interest: Pamela J. Lein was hired as an expert witness by lawyers representing a group of plaintiffs alleging they were harmed by exposure to PCBs in school air. In that capacity, she testified as an expert witness on PCB neurotoxicity. The defendant was Pharmacia, a successor company to Monsanto. All other authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
: All animal procedures were conducted as part of a larger PCB developmental neurotoxicity study performed at the University of California, Davis, and were reviewed and approved in accordance with all Public Health Service policies and the National Research Council’s Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, NIH Publication No. 85–23, revised 2010, as approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of California, Davis (Protocol # A3433-01). Information regarding the animal study is presented in accordance with the ARRIVE guidelines.
: The author(s) used ChatGPT (chat.openai.com) and Grammarly ( ) to edit sections of the paper. After using these tools/services, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.
