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Authors
Gant, Timothy W. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9057-4937
Boxall, Alistair
Burgwinkel, Daniel https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2954-4327
Zare Jeddi, Maryam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9505-812X
Djidrovski, Ivo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7637-8515
Friedrichs, Steffi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7276-892X
Hardy, Barry https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4626-0946
Hartung, Thomas https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1359-7689
Holland, Daniela https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2771-4819
Karwath, Andreas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6942-3760
Kienhuis, Anne https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6465-4498
Kleinstreuer, Nicole
Lin, Zhoumeng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8731-8366
Marczylo, Emma L.
Marvuglia, Antonino https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8360-8040
Qian, Hua https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8168-9548
van Ravenzwaay, Bennard https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4264-9217
Rees, Paul https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7715-6914
Sarimveis, Haralambos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8607-9965
Tralau, Tewes
Wilmot, Lucy
Zalewski, Adam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8341-9565
Rouquié, David
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
ECETOC
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Article History
Received: 6 November 2025
Accepted: 11 December 2025
First Online: 17 February 2026
Declarations
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: The authors’ affiliations are as shown on the cover page. The authors had sole responsibility for the writing and content of the paper. The views and opinions expressed in the paper are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the authors’ current or former employers. This article reflects the views of the authors and does not necessarily reflect those of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Any mention of commercial products is for clarification only and is not intended as approval, endorsement, or recommendation. Thomas Hartung is consultant for computational toxicology for Underwriters Laboratories (UL) and receives shares of their respective sales. He consults, holds shares and receives shares of some of the sales by ToxTrack Inc. and Insilica LLC, Bethesda. He is a member of Apple’s Green Chemistry Advisory Board.
