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Article History

Received: 31 July 2025

Accepted: 9 September 2025

First Online: 30 September 2025

Declarations

:

: This paper is extracted from MSc thesis (MSc student: Shervindokht Ahmadi) approved by the Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Qods Branch. Moreover, the ethical approval was achieved under Ethical number of IR.IAU.QODS.REC.1402.005 by the Ethics Committee of the Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Qods Branch. As the patients’ information was anonymized, no informed consent was required. The age and gender of the patients with UTIs were available to us, but their clinical signs and symptoms were not. The research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines. Due to the retrospective nature of the study, the Ethics Committee of the Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Qods Branch waived the need of obtaining informed consent.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no conflict of interest. P.B. is the BMC Infectious Diseases, BMC Microbiology, BMC Research Notes, and Archives of Microbiology editorial board member.

: AI tools were employed to polish the language and correct spelling and grammatical errors in the manuscript.