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Authors
Li, Qiang
Zhang, Minheng
Fan, Haixia
Liu, Hongwei
Hou, Miaomiao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Youth Program of the Shanxi Province Science and Technology Innovation Talent Team (202304051001039)
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Article History
Received: 19 July 2025
Accepted: 11 September 2025
First Online: 2 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study was exempt from ethical review as it involved secondary analysis of a publicly available, de-identified third-party database (MIMIC-IV). In line with the Declaration of Helsinki’s ethical standards, this study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center's review boards (approval number: 2001P-001699/14). All individuals provided their written informed consent prior to joining the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
