Shiffman, Saul
Mao, Jason M.
Kurland, Brenda F.
Scholl, Sarah M.
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Cancer Institute (P30CA047904)
Article History
Received: 3 July 2018
Accepted: 28 September 2018
First Online: 5 October 2018
Compliance with ethical standards
: The study was approved by the University of Pittsburgh Institutional Review Board and participants provided written informed consent.
: SS, through Pinney Associates, consults on tobacco cessation and harm reduction (including nicotine replacement therapy and digital vapor products; by contract, combusted cigarettes are excluded) to Niconovum USA, RJ Reynolds Vapor Company, and RAI Services Company, all subsidiaries of Reynolds American, Inc. and British American Tobacco. Previously, SS consulted to NJOY on e-cigarettes, and to GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare on smoking cessation medications and treatments. SS holds patents for a novel nicotine smoking cessation medication that is not under commercial development. Other authors report no competing interests.
: NCIĀ and FDA, had no role in design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; or decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH or the FDA.