Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute on Drug Abuse (P50DA018165, U01DA041579, R01DA046081)
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (I01BX002106)
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (TL1TR002371)
VA Research Career Scientist Program
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (P60AA010760)
Article History
Received: 26 March 2020
Accepted: 17 July 2020
First Online: 24 August 2020
Compliance with ethical standards
: All experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System and were performed in accordance with the National Institutes of Health guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals.
: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
: The contents of this article do not represent the views of the US Department of Veterans Affairs or the US government.