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Article History

Received: 18 June 2025

Accepted: 18 April 2026

First Online: 11 May 2026

Declarations

:

: All procedures were approved by the University’s Institutional Review Board.

: All participants provided informed consent prior to participating.

: All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript and consent to publish.

: The authors report no conflicts of interest. Dr. Yip has consulted for Boehringer Ingelheim and sits on the Board of the APT Foundation. Dr. Potenza discloses the following. Dr. Potenza has consulted for Boehringer Ingelheim and Baria-Tek; has been involved in a patent application with Yale University and Novartis; has received research support (to Yale) from Mohegan Sun Casino and the Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling; has participated in surveys, mailings, or telephone consultations related to internet use, addictions, impulse-control disorders or other health topics; has consulted for and/or advised gambling, non-profit, healthcare and legal entities on issues related to impulse control, internet use and addictive disorders; has performed grant reviews for research funding agencies; has edited journals and journal sections; has given academic lectures in grand rounds, CME events, and other clinical or scientific venues; and has generated books or book chapters for publishers of mental health texts. 

: During the preparation of this work the authors used ChatGPT to improve readability and language. After using this tool/service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.