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Authors
Aitken, Blair
Shiferaw, Brook
Downey, Luke A.
Manning, Brooke
Arkell, Thomas
Lenné, Michael G.
Kuo, Jonny
Hayley, Amie C.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Swinburne University of Technology
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Article History
Received: 3 February 2026
Accepted: 9 May 2026
First Online: 14 May 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Swinburne University Human Research Ethics Committee (SUHREC; approval no. 20237067) on March 18, 2023.
: This trial was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR; ACTRN12623000528651) on 19/05/2023.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants prior to participation in any study procedures.
: The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Amie Hayley reports receiving an industry research grant from Seeing Machines to support this work. Brook Shiferaw, Jonny Kuo and Michael Lenné are employees of Seeing Machines. Blair Aitken, Luke Downey, Brooke Manning and Thomas Arkell have nothing to declare. Additionally, this work was supported by an industry research grant from Seeing Machines awarded to Amie Hayley. Seeing Machines contributed to aspects of study design and interpretation of findings but had no role in data collection, data management or statistical analysis. During the conduct of this work, Amie Hayley was also supported by a Rebecca L. Cooper Al and Val Rosenstrauss Fellowship [grant number F2021894].
