Document is current

Article History

Received: 16 April 2026

Accepted: 5 August 2026

First Online: 11 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) (Protocol #007/2018) and the Health Canada/Public Health Agency of Canada (Protocol #2017-0032) Research Ethics Boards. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practices. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrollment.

Clinical trial registration: This study was registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03656029) on September 4, 2018.

Competing interests: Dr. Bernard Le Foll has obtained funding from Indivior for a clinical trial sponsored by Indivior. He was part of Steering Board for a clinical trial for Indivior. He will be receiving funding for a clinical trial sponsored by Lilly. Dr. Le Foll has received in-kind donations of placebo edibles from Indiva. He is consultant for Shinogi, ThirdBridge, Guidepoint, and Changemark. He is part of a scientific advisory board for NFL Biosciences. He is supported by CAMH, Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, a clinician-scientist award from the department of Family and Community Medicine of the University of Toronto and a Chair in Addiction Psychiatry from the department of Psychiatry of University of Toronto. Dr. Christine Wickens serves on the Executive Committee of the International Council on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety (ICADTS) and on the Canadian Society of Forensic Science’s Drugs and Driving Committee, which acts as an advisory body to the Department of Justice with respect to issues of drug impaired driving. She also served on the Board of Directors of the Canadian Association of Road Safety Professionals (CARSP). All other authors have nothing to disclose.