Document is current

Article History

Received: 6 January 2026

Accepted: 23 August 2026

First Online: 3 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval: The experiments were conducted according to the principles and procedures described by the guidelines for the care and use of animals in neuroscience and behavioral research (ILAR, USA). The local ethics committee approved the protocol.

Competing interests: JA Crippa is a member of the International Advisory Board of the Australian Centre for Cannabinoid Clinical and Research Excellence (ACRE) – National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). JA Crippa has received travel support to attend scientific meetings and personal consultation fees from BSPG-Pharm. JA Crippa, Hallak JEC and Guimarães FS are coinventors of the patent “Fluorinated CBD compounds, compositions and uses thereof. Pub. No.: WO/2014/108899. International Application No.: PCT/IL2014/050023,” Def. US number Reg. 62193296; July 29, 2015; INPI on August 19, 2015 (BR1120150164927; Mechoulam R, Zuardi AW, Kapczinski F, Hallak JEC, Guimarães FS, Crippa JA, Breuer A). Universidade de São Paulo (USP) has licensed this patent to Phytecs Pharm (USP Resolution No. 15.1.130002.1.1) and has an agreement with Prati-Donaduzzi to “develop a pharmaceutical product containing synthetic CBD and prove its safety and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of epilepsy, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, and anxiety disorders.” JA Crippa, Hallak JEC and Guimarães FS are coinventors of the patent “Cannabinoid-containing oral pharmaceutical composition, method for preparing and using same,” INPI on September 16th, 2016 (BR 112018005423-2). JA Crippa is a consultant and/or has received speaker fees and/or sits on the advisory board and/or receives research funding from Janssen-Cilag, Torrent Pharm, Prati-Donaduzzi, PurMed Global, DSM Pharm, EaseLabs, Mantecorp, Greencare, ArtMed and BrainsBio Pharm over the past 3 years.