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Article History

Received: 25 July 2024

Revised: 28 November 2024

Accepted: 10 December 2024

First Online: 7 January 2025

Declarations

:

: An ethical approval was not required for using bovine urine samples because the sampling did not require an animal experiment. The samples used for the development of this assay are anonymized official samples originally taken for residue analysis by the competent authority in the Netherlands on livestock farms. After the official analyses, samples were anonymized and used for the development of this assay. As the purpose of this assay is to be incorporated into the official residue monitoring, it was most appropriate to use these “field samples” for the development of this assay.

: The authors declare no competing interests.