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Article History

Received: 21 November 2024

Revised: 13 January 2025

Accepted: 3 February 2025

First Online: 20 February 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with ethical standards. The use of human tissue was approved by the Ethics Committee of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University (HIRB: 2017M-003), and informed consent was obtained from the patient. All animal procedures complied with the National Research Council guidelines and were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

: Quality control (QC) samples were obtained from 6-week-old male C57 BL/6 mice, provided by the Animal Service Center at Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences. A tissue sample containing necrotic regions from a patient with colorectal cancer liver metastasis following NAC was collected at Huashan Hospital (Shanghai, China) with informed patient consent.

: All animal procedures complied with the National Research Council guidelines and were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the institute.

: The authors declare no competing interests.