Funding for this research was provided by:
The University of Tokyo
Article History
Received: 4 March 2025
Revised: 21 April 2025
Accepted: 2 May 2025
First Online: 28 May 2025
Declarations
:
: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards established in the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of The University of Tokyo.
: Informed written consent was obtained from the volunteer who provided the saliva sample for this study. To maintain privacy in accordance with institutional and international research regulations, the identity of the sample donor is kept anonymous.
: All experiments involving biological samples were conducted in compliance with institutional biosafety guidelines and appropriate laboratory safety protocols. The simulated saliva samples were confirmed to be COVID-19 negative by RT-PCR prior to use in this research.
: The authors declare no competing interests.