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Article History

Received: 3 December 2025

Revised: 17 December 2025

Accepted: 19 December 2025

First Online: 6 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The animal experiments were conducted following the guidelines of the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Institutes of Health Publication, no. 3040-2, revised 1999, Bethesda, MD) and were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (approval number: IPEAECA2022035).

: The authors declare no competing interests. Zongxiu Nie is a member of ABC’s International Advisory Board but was not involved in the peer review of this paper.

: BALB/c mice (males, 6 weeks old) were purchased from GemPharmatech Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China).

: All animal experiments were designed and conducted in accordance with the principles of replacement, reduction, and refinement (3Rs). Every effort was made to minimize animal suffering and to reduce the number of animals used while ensuring the reliability of the experimental results.