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Article History

Received: 18 December 2025

Revised: 5 March 2026

Accepted: 10 April 2026

First Online: 29 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The blood samples used in this project were from commercial sources and were National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) study samples. Use of blood samples by CDC was consistent with the IRB approval and donor consent. No personal identifiers were provided to CDC. This activity using commercially sourced donor samples was reviewed by CDC, deemed not research, and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy. The NIEHS donor samples used in this study were reviewed and approved by the NIEHS IRB.

: N/A

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Public Health Service, and the US Department of Health and Human Services. This research was supported, in part, by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (Z01-ES103315 and ZIC ES103363 to NDS). NDS is also supported as a Lasker Clinical Research Scholar (1SI2ES025429-01). The contributions of the NIH author(s) were made as part of their official duties as NIH federal employees, are in compliance with agency policy requirements, and are considered Works of the United States Government. However, the findings and conclusions presented in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NIH or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.