Document is current

Article History

Received: 21 May 2026

Revised: 23 June 2026

Accepted: 30 June 2026

First Online: 22 July 2026

Declarations

: Points of view in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Commerce, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Certain commercial software, instruments, and materials are identified in order to specify experimental procedures as completely as possible. In no case does such identification imply a recommendation or endorsement by NIST, nor does it imply that any of the materials, instruments, or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose.

: All work has been reviewed and approved by the U. S. National Institute of Standards and Technology Research Protections Office. This study was determined to be “not human subjects research” (often referred to as research not involving human subjects) as defined in U. S. Department of Commerce Regulations, 15 CFR 27, also known as the Common Rule (45 CFR 46, Subpart A), for the Protection of Human Subjects by the NIST Human Research Protections Office and therefore not subject to oversight by the NIST Institutional Review Board.

: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.