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Authors
Gallou, Domniki https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2182-4776
Morillas-Armenta, Jaime https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7224-5372
Fernández-García, Miguel https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4114-0766
Requena, Belen https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4710-0685
Angulo, Santiago
Begou, Olga https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0004-4866
Gika, Helen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1893-937X
Theodoridis, Georgios https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2015-108X
Fernández-Juárez, Gema https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6641-7763
Shabaka, Amir https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7039-4701
Gradillas, Ana https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7290-5210
Barbas, Coral https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4722-491X
González-Ruiz, Víctor https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7204-2363
Villaseñor, Alma https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6652-2739
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain (PID2024-162248NB-I00)
Red de Enfermedades Inflamatorias (RD24/0007/0018)
Talent Attraction Grant (2022-T1/BMD-23961)
HORIZON-WIDERA-2021 (Project 101079370)
HORIZON-WIDERA-2021 (BiACEM)
San Pablo CEU Foundation
Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain (PID2023-153088NA-I00)
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Article History
Received: 30 April 2026
Revised: 16 July 2026
Accepted: 23 July 2026
First Online: 19 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics declarations: This study was approved by the Regional Ethics Committee and was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants at the time of sample collection.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Source of biological material: The biological material used in this study consisted of human urine samples ( Homo sapiens ) obtained from participants recruited through regional hospitals in Spain.
