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Authors
Zimmermann, Yves C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8172-9789
Schwarz, Steffen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5712-6980
Lachenmeier, Dirk W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3115-864X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Hochschule Heilbronn
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Article History
Received: 19 February 2025
Revised: 3 July 2025
Accepted: 3 August 2025
First Online: 20 August 2025
Declarations
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: S.S. is the owner of Coffee Consulate, Mannheim, Germany. Coffee Consulate is an independent training and research center. Coffee Consulate is currently researching the potential of coffee and coffee by-products. However, S.S. reports that there are no conflicts of interest related to this work under consideration. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.
: Ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the affiliated institutes do not require ethical clearance for sensory analysis of foods. Nevertheless, the authors considered guidelines for ethical and professional practices for the sensory analysis of foods. Potential adverse effects for the assessors were excluded as only small amounts of coffee were taken into the mouth. All assessors have consented to participation in the study.
: Not applicable because this is not a clinical study.
: Not applicable because this is not a clinical study.
: Not applicable because this is not a clinical study.
