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Article History

Received: 27 October 2023

Accepted: 20 February 2024

First Online: 24 April 2024

Declarations

:

: Owen Ma, Arindam Dutta, and Daniel W. Bliss report no financial or non-financial interests. Cindy H. Nakatsu has patents WO2014153554-A1 and US20160058056A1 issued. Connie M. Weaver reports research grant funding from Tate & Lyle (paid to her institution) to support the clinical trial that produced the data analyzed in this work. She also reports funding from National Dairy Council, National Institutes of Health, Equator, Johns Hopkins University, American Society for Nutrition, Utrecht Group, International Dairy Council, International Life Sciences Institute, and Proctor & Gamble. She also serves on the California Prune Board, the California Walnut Board, and Produce for Better Health. Corrie M. Whisner reports support paid to her institution by the North American Millers Association (Corn Division). She also serves on the Wheat Foods Council as a scientific advisory board member.

: Our secondary retrospective analysis used deidentified data and was therefore deemed exempt by the Arizona State University Institutional Review Board. Data used in this analysis were originally recorded during a clinical trial registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01660503. The original study was conducted according to the guidelines in the Declaration of Helsinki, and all procedures that involved human subjects were approved by the Institutional Review Board of Purdue University. This secondary data analysis was also approved by the Institutional Review Board of Arizona State University.

: Written informed consent and assent from guardians and children, respectively, were obtained prior to participation in the original study.

: No identifiable information of the subjects is included in this work.