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Article History

Received: 5 July 2025

Accepted: 30 September 2025

First Online: 8 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Stuart H Ralston reports funding to his institution from Kyowa Kirin, UCB, and the Royal Osteoporosis Society outside the submitted work; Richard Keen reports personal funding from Mereo Biopharma; he is Chairperson of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the Brittle Bone Society; a member of the NHS England Clinical Reference Group for Specialized Rheumatology and Clinical Lead for the London Rare Disease Collaborative Network in Adult Rare Bone Conditions. Jennifer Walsh reports that she is a co-investigator on a clinical trial of losartan in OI (MOI-A study). Bente Langdahl reports personal consultancy fees from Mereo Biopharma, UCB, Gedeon-Richter, EnteraBio, Samsung-Bioepis, and Angitia and honoraria from Amgen, outside the submitted work, and that she is a board member of the Danish Osteoporosis Society. Rachel K Crowley reports grants from the Health Research Board Ireland for the Rare Disease Clinical Trial Network and Rare Disease Research Catalyst Consortium and funding to her institution from Kyowa Kirin; Zaki Hassan-Smith reports consulting fees and support for attending meetings from Ascendis Pharma, Alexion, and UCB Pharma; honoraria from Ascendis Pharma and Kyowa-Kirin outside the submitted work; and that he is a member of the Royal Osteoporosis Society Clinical Research Committee and Society for Endocrinology Corporate Liaison Committee. Mashood Siddiqi reports honoraria from Flynn Pharma, Thornton & Ross Pharma, and Eli Lilly; Matthew Roy reports consultancy fees from Mereo Biopharma and Kyowa Kirin. Zoe Paskins reports funding to her institution from NIHR, Versus Arthritis, the Royal Osteoporosis Society, and UCB Pharma outside the submitted work; consulting fees from UCB Pharma and the Royal College of General Practitioners outside the submitted work; and that she was former Chair of the Versus Arthritis Musculoskeletal Research Advisory Group and is current Chair of the Haywood Foundation Charity. Kassim Javaid reports grant funding to his institution from Kyowa Kirin, consulting fees from Kyowa Kirin, Nanox-AI, UCB, and Naitive Technologies; honoraria from Kyowa Kirin, UCB, Amgen, and Theramex; support for attending meetings from Kyowa Kirin and UCB; participation in an advisory board for Regeneron, and that he is an unpaid treasurer for the UK Fragility Fracture Network. Andrew Duckworth reports funding to his institution from the NIHR, Orthopaedic Trauma Association, and SORT-IT outside the submitted work; personal funding from Elsevier and Taylor and Francis outside the submitted work; personal honoraria from Angoves Healthcare, Swemac, and Smith and Nephew outside the submitted work. The remaining authors have no conflict of interest to report.

: This research was conducted with the approval of the West of Scotland Research Ethics Committee 3 (18/WS/0236).

: The study did not involve experimental animals. All participants gave written informed consent prior to taking part. For the purpose of open access, the author has applied a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission.