Adriana, Sarmiento https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1259-0629
Carlos E., Goméz https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0023-7019
Tatiana, Julio-Rodríguez https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1241-598X
Juan A., Sánchez https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7149-8369
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (757)
Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (1204-852-70251)
Center of Excellence in Marine Sciences (Center of Excellence in Marine Sciences)
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes (INV-2022-150-2594)
Article History
Received: 20 August 2025
Accepted: 27 October 2025
First Online: 20 November 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
: Coral sampling was conducted by Colombian regulations, under permit granted to Universidad de Los Andes by the Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible (Permit No. 1177, issued October 9, 2014 — IDB 0359). Documentary evidence of permit and sampling approval is available upon request.