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Authors
Court, Mélanie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4554-4453
Macau, Marta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5872-7910
Marquês, Tânia https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5566-4516
Repolho, Tiago https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1048-8009
Diniz, Mário https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1571-0366
Lopes, Vanessa Madeira https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8276-4490
Rosa, Rui https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2801-5178
Paula, José Ricardo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1729-7256
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
British Ecological Society (LRB21/1004)
Sociedade Portuguesa de Ecologia (Projetos para Investigadores em Início de Carreira 2020)
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (DL57/2016/CP1479/CT0023)
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (2021.01030.CEECIND)
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (2023.00643.BD)
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (UIDP/04378/2020)
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (UIDB/04378/2020)
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (LA/P/0140/2020)
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Article History
Received: 11 March 2025
Accepted: 27 November 2025
First Online: 2 February 2026
Declarations
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: Authors declare no conflict of interest.
: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Mélanie Court, Marta Macau, and José Ricardo Paula. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Mélanie Court and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. All experiments were approved by the FCUL Animal Welfare Committee (ORBEA FCUL; permit 2/2022) as per National (DL 113/2013 and DL 1/2019) and EU legislation (Directive 2010/63/EU).
