Martín-Huete, M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2366-7660
Forteza, J. https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7353-754X
Fernández-Vilert, R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2812-4414
Quesada, J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6010-8473
Leiva, C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4398-329X
Pérez-Portela, R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3697-6526
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universitat de Barcelona
Article History
Received: 16 October 2025
Accepted: 23 December 2025
First Online: 29 January 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
: This study involved non-protected marine invertebrates, which are not covered by the European Directive 2010/63/EU or the Spanish Royal Decree 53/2013 on the use of animals for scientific purposes; therefore, no ethical approval was required. All procedures were conducted following institutional guidelines to ensure the ethical handling of marine invertebrates.