Haas, Caroline E. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8154-0057
Miller, Patrick J. O. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8028-9673
Hooker, Sascha K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7518-3548
Svavarsson, Jörundur https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1842-7515
Macrander, Andreas https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6829-5667
Lam, Frans-Peter A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9570-7567
Wensveen, Paul J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9894-2543
Funding for this research was provided by:
Office of Naval Research Global (N00014-15-1-2533)
Office of Naval Research Global (N00014-16-1-3059)
Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (RC-2337)
Ministère de la Défense
Ministerie van Defensie
Rannís (207081)
Háskóli Íslands
University of St Andrews School of Biology
Article History
Received: 13 June 2025
Accepted: 30 December 2025
First Online: 13 February 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
: Data collection off Iceland was covered under an Institutional permit of the Marine and Freshwater Research Institute. Off Jan Mayen, data collection was approved by the University of St Andrews’ Biology School Ethics committee. All data collection was non-invasive.