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Authors
Norrie, Craig R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0085-7314
Hurst, Thomas P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1446-1540
Miller, Jessica A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6491-4085
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Oregon Sea Grant, Oregon State University (R/ECO-48-PD)
Ocean Acidification Program (20903)
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Article History
Received: 1 October 2025
Accepted: 23 January 2026
First Online: 13 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
: The use of animals in this study was carried out in accordance with all applicable institutional and national guidelines at the time that the study was conducted; all work followed American Fisheries Society policies on the Guidelines for Use of Fishes in Research ( ) and AVMA (American Veterinary Medical Association) Guidelines on Euthanasia ( ). Fish collections and use took place under OSU Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) protocols (IACUC-2020-0129).
