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Article History

Received: 13 April 2026

Accepted: 26 June 2026

First Online: 10 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The sample collection was performed in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonization - Good Clinical Practice and followed local regulatory requirements. In particular, the study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Technical University of Munich (approval no. 2023-559-S-NP). Written informed consent was obtained from the patient or their legal representative.

5 transparency declarations: Tobias Lahmer reports travel grants and speaking fees from Gilead, Pfizer, MSD, Cytosorbents, Fresenius, and ADVITOS unrelated to this research. Johanna Erber received lecture fees from Gilead Sciences, consultant fees from ADVANZ Pharma and travel grants from Gilead Sciences, Tillotts Pharma GmbH and ViiV Healthcare outside the submitted work. Julian Triebelhorn reports receiving travel grants and registrational fees from ADVITOS. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.