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Article History

Received: 13 February 2024

Accepted: 18 June 2024

First Online: 1 July 2024

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study was exempt from the IRB approval by The George Washington University as it analyzed retrospective, deidentified NIS data.

: Given this retrospective study used a de-identified NIS dataset, the study was not considered a human-subject study and was exempted from Institutional Review Board (IRB) review at The George Washington University. Informed patient consent was therefore not required.

: The authors have no disclosures.

: The authors declare no conflict of interest.