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Authors
Ding, Xijie
Chi, Zhichao
Qiang, Ziyang
Zhang, Xi
Li, Jianxing
Chen, Guojun
Ji, Chaoyue
Hu, Weiguo
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Article History
Received: 10 September 2025
Accepted: 25 March 2026
First Online: 6 April 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was carried out in accordance with the guidelines set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki, and all procedures involving participants were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Ethical review and approval were not required for this study, as it utilized only publicly available data for research and publication purposes. Informed consent was obtained from all participants in the NHANES.
: Not applicable.
