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Authors
Mamlouk, Mark D.
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Article History
Received: 15 June 2026
Revised: 10 August 2026
Accepted: 18 August 2026
First Online: 2 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This work was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and with applicable institutional policies governing human subjects research. This study was approved by the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Institutional Review Board (The Permanente Medical Group). The requirement for informed consent was waived by the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Institutional Review Board because the study involved retrospective review of de-identified clinical data and images without protected health information.
Conflicts of interest: None
