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Authors
Izzo, Giana
Tortora, Mario
Toto, Valentina
Lanna, Mariano
Doneda, Chiara
Arrigoni, Filippo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5508-1149
Tortora, Fabio
Parazzini, Cecilia
Righini, Andrea
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
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Article History
Received: 23 April 2026
Revised: 17 August 2026
Accepted: 22 August 2026
First Online: 5 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Human Research Ethics Approval: This retrospective study involving human fetal ante-mortem and post-mortem imaging and neuropathological data was approved by the "Milano Area 1" Ethics Committee, Ospedale dei Bambini Vittore Buzzi, Milan, Italy, under protocol approval number 27757/2022. All study procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments, where applicable.
Informed Consent: Written informed consent for participation, including fetal magnetic resonance imaging, post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging, neuropathological examination, genetic analyses where indicated, and the use of anonymized clinical, imaging, and pathological data for research and scientific publication, was obtained from the parent(s) or legal guardian(s) of all fetal participants before inclusion in the study.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
