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Authors
He, Xingxin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3790-7373
Stewart, Zachary E. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0245-1270
Gonzalez, Marcos R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3352-6362
Hung, Yin P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8568-1591
Ossiani, Tara Shirin
Chen, Yung Hsin
Werenski, Joseph Oliver https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9177-6874
Mercer, Ronald W.
Zhou, Zhaoye
Brown, Kendall
Lozano-Calderon, Santiago A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0681-9004
Liu, Fang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8032-6681
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R21EB031185)
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR079442)
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR081344)
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R56AR081017)
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Article History
Received: 18 August 2025
Revised: 1 December 2025
Accepted: 5 January 2026
First Online: 17 January 2026
Declarations
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: This retrospective study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Massachusetts General Hospital (IRB No. 2019P003118). Given the retrospective design and the use of de-identified data, the requirement for written informed consent was waived by the IRB.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
