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Authors
Crook, Harry
Franzmeier, Nicolai
Rahmouni, Nesrine
Gnörich, Johannes S.
Fryer, Tim D.
Hong, Young T.
Roemer-Cassiano, Sebastian N.
Palleis, Carla
Strauss, Alexandra
Jones, P. Simon
Aigbirhio, Franklin I.
Hopewell, Robert
Rauchmann, Boris-Stephan
Massarweh, Gassan
Perneczky, Robert
Levin, Johannes
Höglinger, Günter U.
Rowe, James B.
O’Brien, John T.
Rosa-Neto, Pedro
Brendel, Matthias
Malpetti, Maura https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8923-9656
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Dementias Platform UK (MC_UU_00030/14)
Medical Research Council (MR/T033371/1)
Alzheimer’s Research UK (ARUK-RADF2021A-010, ARUK-PhD2023-018)
Wellcome Trust (220258)
Cambridge Centre for Parkinson-Plus (RG95450)
NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR203312)
Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen)
Manfred Lautenschläger-Stiftung (Manfred Lautenschläger-Stiftung)
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (EXC 2145 SyNergy, ID 390857198)
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP-11-51-31, RFN 152985, RFN 159815, RFN 162303)
Canadian Consortium of Neurodegeneration and Aging (MOP-11-51-31-team 1)
Fondation Brain Canada (CFI Project 34874; 33397)
Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Santé (FRQS; 2020-VICO-279314; 2024 VICO-356138)
Colin J Adair Charitable Foundation (Colin J Adair Charitable Foundation)
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Article History
Received: 23 July 2025
Accepted: 9 September 2025
First Online: 20 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The following ethics approvals were granted: The research protocol for Cambridge data were approved by the National Research Ethics Service’s East of England Cambridge Central Committee, and the UK Administration of Radioactive Substances Advisory Committee. The study protocol for LMU Munich data was approved by the Ethics Committee of LMU Munich and the Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (project numbers 17–755 and 17–569).The protocol for the TRIAD study was approved by the Montreal Neurological Institute PET working committee and the Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Ethics Board.
: Participants with mental capacity gave their written informed consent to take part in the study. For those who lacked capacity, their participation followed the consultee process in accordance with the law.
: By providing written informed consent to take part in the study, participants consented to anonymised results being published.
: The authors have no conflicts of interest to report related to this work. Unrelated to this work, JTO has received honoraria unrelated to this work as DSMB chair or member for TauRx, Axon, Eisai and Novo Nordisk, and has acted as a consultant for Biogen and Roche, and has received research support from Alliance Medical and Merck. JBR is a non-remunerated trustee of the Guarantors of Brain, Darwin College and the PSP Association (UK). He provides consultancy unrelated to the current work to Asceneuron, Astronautx, Astex, Alector, Booster Therapeutics, Curasen, CumulusNeuro, ClinicalInk, Draig Therapeutics, Eisai, Ferrer, Wave, SVHealth, and has research grants from AZ-Medimmune, Janssen, and Lilly as industry partners in the Dementias Platform UK. MM has acted as a consultant for Astex Pharmaceuticals. RP has received honoraria for advisory boards and speaker engagements from Roche, EISAI, Eli Lilly, Biogen, Janssen-Cilag, AstraZeneca, Schwabe, Grifols, Novo Nordisk, and Tabuk, and is a shareholder of Medotrax GmbH and Vistim Ltd. MB received speaker honoraria from GE healthcare, Roche, Iba, and Life Molecular Imaging and is an advisor of GE healthcare, MIAC, and Life Molecular Imaging. NF received speaker or consulting honoraria from GE healthcare, EISAI, Life molecular imaging and MSD.
